本篇目录

追加：第 2 节第 44 条，本来就想养狗的把遛狗算进走路量，别为了长寿专门去养狗

2026-10-09。起因是读者 issue #100「对养宠物的建议」。用户定：不新开节，只把有原始文献、能落到动作的几条分散补进已有节，费用和保险不写。本条只拆账，按 B 级争议写，追加在节末，挂进节首导览「运动和体重」那一块。

1. Kramer 2019 荟萃

URL：https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.119.005554（PMID 31592726，摘要经 Europe PMC 取得）
原文：「Ten studies were included yielding data from 3 837 005 participants (530 515 events; mean follow-up 10.1 years). Dog ownership was associated with a 24% risk reduction for all-cause mortality as compared to nonownership (relative risk, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.67-0.86)」；「in individuals with prior coronary events, living in a home with a dog was associated with an even more pronounced risk reduction for all-cause mortality (relative risk, 0.35; 95% CI, 0.17-0.69; I2, 0%)」；「dog ownership conferred a 31% risk reduction for cardiovascular death (relative risk, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.67-0.71; I2, 5.1%)」。
作者自承：「A possible limitation was that the analyses were not adjusted for confounders.」条目「这个汇总没有扣除其他因素」即出自这句。
同刊有两封读者来信（Simonato 和 Altmayer；Owen、Bauman、Torske）和作者回复，摘要都没有正文，没引。

URL：https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-16118-6（全文 PMC5693989）
原文（摘要）：「register-based prospective nation-wide cohort (n = 3,432,153) with up to 12 years of follow-up」；「In single- and multiple-person households, dog ownership (13.1%) was associated with lower risk of death, HR 0.67 (95% CI, 0.65-0.69) and 0.89 (0.87-0.91), respectively」；「Further analysis in the Twin Register could not replicate the reduced risk of CVD or death」；Twin Register「Self-reported health and lifestyle habits were available for 34,202 participants」。
校正因素（全文）：「The multivariable-adjusted model included sex, country of birth, marital status, presence of children in the home, area of residence, population density, age-adjusted income and latitude.」条目「扣除了收入、婚姻等因素」据此。
作者自承反向因果（全文）：「individuals with disabilities or comorbidity may be less likely to own a dog, and may be at higher risk for CVD and death」。备注「有病或残疾的人可能本来就不太会养狗」据此。

URL：https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.118.005342（PMID 31592725）
原文：「adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of 0.67 (95% CI, 0.61 to 0.75) for those who lived alone, and HR of 0.85 (95% CI, 0.80 to 0.90) for those living with a partner or a child」；「after an ischemic stroke … adjusted HR of 0.73 (95% CI, 0.66 to 0.80) for those who lived alone and HR of 0.88 (95% CI, 0.83 to 0.93) for those living with a partner or a child」；作者：「there are also unmeasured confounders such as smoking that prevent us from drawing conclusions regarding a possible causal effect」。

URL：https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2017.09.012（PMID 29241716）
原文：「Data from six separate cohorts … of the Health Survey for England were pooled」「Participants were 59,352 adults」「mean 11.5, SD=3.8 years」；「In the fully adjusted models, there was no statistically significant association between dog ownership and mortality outcomes (hazard ratio=1.03, 95% CI=0.98, 1.09, for all-cause mortality; and hazard ratio=1.07, 95% CI=0.96, 1.18, for cardiovascular disease mortality)」。

URL：https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0179832（PMC5491039）
原文：「The median follow-up time was 18.5 years」；「dog owners were no more physically active than non-dog owners」；「Dog owners … had virtually the same hazard of dying as non-dog owners (Hazard ratio 1.00, 95% CI 0.91-1.09)」。

URL：https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0305546（PMC11324118）
原文：「The study sample included 15,735 participants」「During the 4-year follow-up period」；「The odds ratios (ORs) for all-cause mortality were 0.77 (95%CI: 0.59-0.99) for dog owners compared to non-pet owners」；「The Sobel test showed a partial mediating effect of physical activity level」；「Ownership of cats, birds, fish, and others showed no clear association with mortality」。

URL：https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023447（PMC6429732）
原文：「slightly higher likelihood of initiating antihypertensive (HR, 1.02; 95% CI, 1.01 to 1.03) and lipid-lowering treatment (HR, 1.02; 95% CI, 1.01 to 1.04) in dog owners」；「implying that the previously reported lower risk of cardiovascular mortality among dog owners in this cohort is not explained by reduced hypertension and dyslipidaemia」。备注只写结论，没写数字。

URL：https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0b013e31829201e1。出版社页被 Cloudflare 挡（curl 和无头 Chrome 都只拿到质询页），全文从 web.archive.org 2025-02-18 的存档取得：http://web.archive.org/web/20250218075849/https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/CIR.0b013e31829201e1。
原文：「1. Pet ownership, particularly dog ownership, may be reasonable for reduction in CVD risk (Class IIb; Level of Evidence B). 2. Pet adoption, rescue, or purchase should not be done for the primary purpose of reducing CVD risk (Class III; Level of Evidence C).」
原文：「Methodological issues in many studies of pet ownership and CVD include modest numbers of subjects, confounding factors (eg, sociodemographics, comorbid medical conditions, and unidentified differences between those who choose to own or not own pets) … and (understandably) lack of randomized data.」
条目把 Class IIb 写成「最弱一档的推荐」：IIb 是该体系里有推荐意义的最低一档，Class III 是不推荐。

El-Qushayri 2020 J Cardiovasc Med 荟萃（https://doi.org/10.2459/jcm.0000000000000920）：结论和 Kramer 相反，养狗与总死亡、心血管死亡都无显著关联，养猫反而心血管死亡低（校正 HR 0.79，0.63–0.99）、总死亡不变（1.04）；作者结尾又「推荐养宠物」，推荐和数据对不上，摘要的纳入口径也混了宠物整体和分物种，没引，只在这里记一笔。
Sørensen 2018 丹麦（https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/cky164）：短报告，病例对照设计，结论和瑞典一致（独居的人关联更强），没有增加新信息。
Feng 2026 Gerontologist 综述：只做计数（几项正、几项负），没有合并效应量。
养狗的费用、宠物保险：国内没有官方统计，按用户定的口径不写；保险原则在第 5 节第 39 条。
遛狗的具体时长、步数：没有找到能逐字核对的数字，成本栏只写方向。