追加:第 29 节第 14 条,经历车祸、被打、灾难之后别靠一次性心理晤谈,过了一个月还重的去做创伤聚焦的心理治疗
2026-10-14。主任务给了两个候选:① 创伤后找创伤聚焦的心理治疗;② 出事后别马上做一次性的心理晤谈(debriefing)。
查重与四问
- grep 全部 book/:「创伤后应激」只出现在第 19 节第 10 条备注(职业病目录里的应急救援人员 PTSD)和本节第 4 条备注(暴力死亡丧亲后 PTSD 比例更高),「晤谈」「debrief」「EMDR」「创伤聚焦」「闪回」全书没有。不算重复。
- 四问:① 车祸、被打、灾难是普通人会碰上的事;② 读者普遍不知道创伤后应激障碍有专门的治疗,也普遍以为出事后马上「疏导」一次总有好处;③ 动作是新的;④ 有 Cochrane、NICE 和国家卫健委诊疗规范原文。两个候选都过。
- 候选 ② 没有单开,也没有并进第 9 条。第 9 条是丧亲后的哀伤咨询、按金钱口径算,晤谈管的是创伤后预防 PTSD、有伤害信号,口径和人群都不同,并进去会让第 9 条讲两件事。② 和 ① 是同一场景的前后两步(头一个月别做晤谈、一个月后还重去治疗),合成一条更顺,单开一条只剩「别做」没有出路。备注里写了和第 9 条道理相同并互相指路。
- 没标「争议」:没有找到试验证据说晤谈有好处(Aulagnier 2004 法文综述 8 项里 1 项对焦虑、抑郁、酒精依赖有正面结果,摘要没给数字,没写进条目)。国内规范在急性应激障碍的心理治疗表里仍列着「集体晤谈」,这是做法上的分歧,写在备注里。
- 收益量级「大」:死亡率口径的阈值套不上(终点是症状严重程度,不是死亡)。凭判断定,依据是创伤聚焦认知行为治疗对等候组 SMD −1.32,按 Lewis 2020 自己采用的 ISTSS 标准,等候对照下超过 0.8 才算有临床意义,这里远超;同节第 8 条(哀伤卡住了去精神科,有效率 51% 对 28%)同类,也定为大。
- 证据等级 A:Lewis 2020 合并 114 项随机试验,创伤聚焦认知行为治疗对等候组的证据质量为 moderate;晤谈有 Cochrane 加一项随机试验的 3 年随访。
- 钱=少:没有找到国内心理治疗的统一收费,沿用同节第 8 条的标法,成本栏只写次数不写金额。
1. 国家卫生健康委办公厅,精神障碍诊疗规范(2020 年版)(国卫办医函〔2020〕945 号)
- 通知页:https://www.nhc.gov.cn/yzygj/c100068/202012/b4305ace9e14440792eb76d29602c88a.shtml(curl 拿到壳页,无头 Chrome 不带代理能取)。原文:「国卫办医函〔 2020 〕 945 号」「我委组织制定了《精神障碍诊疗 规范 ( 2020 年版 )》。现印发给你们,请 参 照执行。」落款 2020 年 11 月 23 日,发布 2020-12-07。
- 附件 PDF:https://www.nhc.gov.cn/yzygj/c100068/202012/b4305ace9e14440792eb76d29602c88a/files/1733998716447_88723.pdf(curl 直下,492 页,pdftotext 有文本层)。
- 8%:第八章第一节概述「病前不良认知功能和人格特征、不良的应对方式和缺乏社会支持都是创伤后应激障碍的危险因素,平均 8%经历精神创伤的个体会发展为创伤后应激障碍。」
- 核心表现:第三节「创伤后应激障碍的核心症状即创伤性再体验症状、回避和麻木症状、警觉性增高。」
- 诊断要点第 5 项:「症状持续超过 1 个月,并导致家庭、社会、学习、职业功能或其他重要功能领域严重损害。」
- 第 2 至 4 项:「以生动的闯入性记忆、闪回或噩梦的形式,重新体验当前的创伤性事件」「回避想起或回忆的创伤性事件,或避免相关的活动、情境或人物」「持续警觉当前所谓的威胁,如对意想不到的声音或刺激惊跳反应、烦躁、失眠噩梦、注意力不集中等」。
- 自行恢复:第二节急性应激障碍「大多个体经过自我调整或急性期危机干预而恢复正常。」
- 治疗:表 8-2「创伤后应激障碍的心理行为治疗」列「针对创伤的认知行为治疗(trauma focused cognitive behavior therapy,TF-CBT)」,下分「1.延长暴露疗法」「2.认知加工治疗(cognitive process therapy,CPT)」「3.眼动脱敏和再加工(eye movement desensitization and reprocessing,EMDR)」。
- 集体晤谈:表 8-1「急性应激障碍的心理治疗」支持性心理干预一栏:「集体晤谈:一种系统的、通过交谈来减轻反应压力,包括公 开讨论内心感受,支持和安慰,帮助当事人在心理上淡化创 伤体验。」(pdftotext 原样,含断行空格)。这就是备注里「国内规范还列着集体晤谈」的出处。
- 急性应激障碍治疗原则:「②帮助患者尽快脱离创伤情境,解决安全、生理需求问题」,对应备注「头几周先保证安全、吃饭睡觉、身边有人」。
2. Lewis C 等 (2020),Eur J Psychotraumatol
- DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2020.1729633(PMC7144187,Europe PMC 全文 XML)
- 「114 randomized-controlled trials (RCTs) of 8171 participants were included.」
- 「CBT with a trauma focus showed a positive effect when compared with wait list or treatment as usual [k = 51; N = 1380; SMD −1.32 CI −1.57 to −1.08]. Moderate quality」
- 「EMDR showed a positive effect when compared with wait list or treatment as usual [k = 11; N = 415; SMD −1.23 CI −1.69 to −0.76]. Low quality」
- 「There was no evidence of a difference between supportive counselling and wait list or treatment as usual [k = 2; N = 72; SMD −0.43 CI −0.90 to 0.04]. Very low quality」
- 临床意义线:「an intervention had to demonstrate an effect size of >0.80 for wait list control comparisons」
3. Bisson JI 等 (2013),Cochrane CD003388.pub4
- DOI:https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003388.pub4(PMID 24338345,Europe PMC 摘要)
- 「We include 70 studies involving a total of 4761 participants in the review.」
- 「individual TFCBT and EMDR were more effective than waitlist/usual care (standardised mean difference (SMD) -1.62; 95% CI -2.03 to -1.21; 28 studies; n = 1256 and SMD -1.17; 95% CI -2.04 to -0.30; 6 studies; n = 183 respectively)」
- 「The evidence for each of the comparisons made in this review was assessed as very low quality.」
4. Rose S 等 (2002),Cochrane CD000560
- DOI:https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD000560(PMID 12076399,Europe PMC 摘要)。Crossref 上这个 DOI 最新一版是 2002-04-22,之后没查到更新版。
- 「11 trials fulfilled the inclusion criteria.」
- 「Single session individual debriefing did not reduce psychological distress nor prevent the onset of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).」
- 「no significant short term (3-5 months) in the risk of PTSD (odds ratio 1.22 (95% ci 0.60 to 2.46 ))」
- 「At one year one trial reported that there was a significantly increased risk of PTSD in those receiving debriefing (odds ratio 2.88 (1.11 to 7.53))」
- 「Compulsory debriefing of victims of trauma should cease.」
5. Mayou RA, Ehlers A, Hobbs M (2000),Br J Psychiatry
- DOI:https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.176.6.589(PMID 10974967,Europe PMC 摘要)
- 「a randomised controlled trial of debriefing for consecutive subjects admitted to hospital following a road traffic accident」
- 「The intervention group had a significantly worse outcome at 3 years in terms of general psychiatric symptoms (BSI), travel anxiety when being a passenger, pain, physical problems, overall level of functioning, and financial problems.」
- 「Patients who initially had high intrusion and avoidance symptoms (IES) remained symptomatic if they had received the intervention, but recovered if they did not receive the intervention.」
- 摘要没给样本量,条目不写人数。
6. NICE NG116 (2018-12-05)
- URL:https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng116/chapter/Recommendations(带代理 curl 取到)
- 1.6.4「Consider active monitoring for people with subthreshold symptoms of PTSD within 1 month of a traumatic event. Arrange follow-up contact to take place within 1 month.」
- 1.6.5「Do not offer psychologically-focused debriefing for the prevention or treatment of PTSD.」
- 1.6.15「Offer an individual trauma-focused CBT intervention to adults who have acute stress disorder or clinically important symptoms of PTSD and have been exposed to 1 or more traumatic events within the last month.」
- 1.6.16「Offer an individual trauma-focused CBT intervention to adults with a diagnosis of PTSD or clinically important symptoms of PTSD who have presented more than 1 month after a traumatic event.」
- 1.6.17「typically be provided over 8 to 12 sessions」
- 1.6.19「Offer EMDR to adults with a diagnosis of PTSD or clinically important symptoms of PTSD who have presented more than 3 months after a non-combat-related trauma.」
- 理由页 https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng116/chapter/Rationale-and-impact:「Evidence on psychologically-focused debriefing, either individually or in groups, showed no benefit for children or adults, and some suggestion of worse outcomes than having no treatment.」
没写的
- 药物(NICE 1.6.24 不用包括苯二氮䓬类在内的药预防 PTSD,规范说苯二氮䓬类「通常不作为首选药物」):条目要的是找心理治疗这一步,药交给医生,没写,免得条目超长。
- 国内能做创伤聚焦心理治疗的机构分布、收费:没找到官方数字,不写。